Transformer-XL (meaning extra long) is a Transformer architecture that introduces the notion of recurrence to the deep self-attention network. Instead of computing the hidden states from scratch for each new segment, Transformer-XL reuses the hidden states obtained in previous segments.50. Transformer XL uses relative positional embedding. a. True b. False. Ans: a) Instead of embedding having to represent the absolute position of a word, Transformer XL uses an embedding to encode the relative distance between the words.Apr 1, 2019 · Hi, you will likely need to adapt this example since Transformer-XL uses memory cells but there is no ready to use example for fine-tuning Transformer-XL in the repo unfortunately (and I don't plan to add one in the near future). If you want to give it a try feel free to ask more specific questions here. Feb 25, 2021 · As a side note, we remark that this conclusion is reached based on the assumption that key and query sizes are the same. It may be possible in a context like Transformer-XL, that there is global positional or contextual information that could be propagated in the network. In this case it might not be prudent to discard these contributions. December 3, 2022. In this post, we will implement a lightweight version of the Transformer-XL model. Proposed by Dai et al. in 2019 1, Transformer-XL introduced two innovations that, when combined, enable the attention mechanism to have a wider “field of view” and result in significant performance improvements on autoregressive evaluation.Abstract. Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence ...Feb 14, 2020 · We've installed transformer-xl onto our server and are writing a keras script for building, finetuning and testing our transformer-xl model. 4/2/20: Overview: Amongst other goals, scripts are being developed to significantly speed-up the testing and comparing process, to hopefully increase development efficiency. Edward: Transformer-XL achieved SOTA results following datasets - WikiText-103, enwik8, text8, One Billion Word and Penn Treebank. Transformer-XL has also been used to generate text. Examples are given at ...Apr 1, 2019 · Hi, you will likely need to adapt this example since Transformer-XL uses memory cells but there is no ready to use example for fine-tuning Transformer-XL in the repo unfortunately (and I don't plan to add one in the near future). If you want to give it a try feel free to ask more specific questions here. Fine-Tuning Transformer-XL on Clinical Natural Language Processing : Xianghao Zhan, Yiheng Li: Investigating Techniques for Improving NMT Systems for Low Resource Languages : Alex Lee, Pranav Kushagra Vaid: Pseudocode to Code Translation Using Transformers : Austin Brotman, Kaan Ertas, Nazli Ugur KoyluogluTransformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural ar-chitecture Transformer-XL that enables learn-ing dependency beyond a fixed length with-out disrupting temporal coherence. It con-sists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural ar-chitecture Transformer-XL that enables learn-ing dependency beyond a fixed length with-out disrupting temporal coherence. It con-sists of a segment-level recurrence mechanismThe Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ... Transformer-XL is one of the few models that has no sequence length limit. Same as a regular GPT model, but introduces a recurrence mechanism for two consecutive segments (similar to a regular RNNs with two consecutive inputs). The Transformer XL is a new approach to deep learning models that are designed to handle long-sequence modeling tasks. It is an extension of the Transformer architecture that was first introduced ...Jan 11, 2019 · Transformer-XL obtains strong results for both word-level and character-level language modeling applied to a variety of datasets such as WikiText-103, text8, and One Billion Word. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"pytorch":{"items":[{"name":"utils","path":"pytorch/utils","contentType":"directory"},{"name":".DS_Store","path ...Comparison of the model architecture of Transformer-XL, Transformer-XL with the layer norm reordered, and Gated Transformer-XL. (Image source: Figure 1 in Parisotto, et al. 2019 ) Decision Transformer ( DT ; Chen et al 2021 ) formulates Reinforcement Learning problems as a process of conditional sequence modeling , outputting the optimal ...Model Details. Model Description: GPT-2 XL is the 1.5B parameter version of GPT-2, a transformer-based language model created and released by OpenAI. The model is a pretrained model on English language using a causal language modeling (CLM) objective. Developed by: OpenAI, see associated research paper and GitHub repo for model developers.Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ... The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ... transformer xl在中文文本生成上的尝试（可写小说、古诗）（transformer xl for text generation of chinese） - GitHub - GaoPeng97/transformer-xl ...Oct 13, 2019 · We propose architectural modifications that substantially improve the stability and learning speed of the original Transformer and XL variant. The proposed architecture, the Gated Transformer-XL (GTrXL), surpasses LSTMs on challenging memory environments and achieves state-of-the-art results on the multi-task DMLab-30 benchmark suite, exceeding ... The Transformer-XL model addresses the limitations of vanilla transformer-based language models, which are only able to use relatively short context, bounded by the segment length. The Transformer-XL introduces a recurrence mechanism, which is able to use a cached hidden state from previous segments. Transformer-XL (from Google/CMU) released with the paper Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov.PyTorch-Transformers (formerly known as pytorch-pretrained-bert) is a library of state-of-the-art pre-trained models for Natural Language Processing (NLP). The library currently contains PyTorch implementations, pre-trained model weights, usage scripts and conversion utilities for the following models: BERT (from Google) released with the paper ...Aug 13, 2019 · This is the OG transformer that started the revolution. TransformerXL —this forward-directional decoder is an amazing text generator. Memory and relative positional encoding enable super fast and accurate predictions. We used this model in Part II. The Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ...Transformer-XL achieved SOTA results following datasets - WikiText-103, enwik8, text8, One Billion Word and Penn Treebank. Transformer-XL has also been used to generate text. Examples are given at ...Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence.Feb 5, 2019 · Transformer-XL dependency is about 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla Transformers. Transformer-XL is up to 1,800+ times faster than a vanilla Transformer during evaluation of language modeling tasks as no re-computation is needed. Transformer-XL has better performance in perplexity on long sequences due to long-term dependency ... Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural ar-chitecture Transformer-XL that enables learn-ing dependency beyond a fixed length with-out disrupting temporal coherence. It con-sists of a segment-level recurrence mechanismAug 25, 2023 · Transformer-XL is a neural network model that can handle long sequences of text or speech with high efficiency and accuracy. It is based on the Transformer architecture, but with some key ... Mar 1, 2021 · Huang et al. introduced a new way of computing relative positional encoding via a clever skewing operation. It seems that in the music transformer paper, the authors dropped the additional relative positional embedding that corresponds to the value term and focus only on the key component. In other words, the authors only focus on (1), not (2). 이번 글에서는 ACL 2019에서 발표된 “Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context”를 리뷰하려고 합니다. 본 논문은 기존의 Transformer 구조를 이용한 고정된 길이(Fixed-Length) Language Model의 한계점을 지적하고 더 긴 의존성을 이용할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시합니다.Feb 14, 2020 · We've installed transformer-xl onto our server and are writing a keras script for building, finetuning and testing our transformer-xl model. 4/2/20: Overview: Amongst other goals, scripts are being developed to significantly speed-up the testing and comparing process, to hopefully increase development efficiency. Edward: Transformer-XL achieved SOTA results following datasets - WikiText-103, enwik8, text8, One Billion Word and Penn Treebank. Transformer-XL has also been used to generate text. Examples are given at ...from Transformer-XL, the state-of-the-art autoregressive model, into pretraining. Empirically, under comparable experiment setting, XLNet outperforms BERT on 20 tasks, often by a large margin, including question answering, natural language inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.1. 1 IntroductionThe Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai*, Zhilin Yang*, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden ...Transformer. A transformer model. User is able to modify the attributes as needed. The architecture is based on the paper “Attention Is All You Need”. Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need.This is the standard input to Transformer XL and is commonly referred to as h in XLNet. relative_position_encoding: Relative positional encoding Tensor of shape [B, L, dim]. segment_matrix: Optional Tensor of shape [B, S, S + M]. Used in XLNet, but not in Transformer XL. segment_embedding: Optional Tensor of shape [2, num_heads, dim]. Used in ...The Transformer-XL model addresses the limitations of vanilla transformer-based language models, which are only able to use relatively short context, bounded by the segment length. The Transformer-XL introduces a recurrence mechanism, which is able to use a cached hidden state from previous segments.Apr 1, 2020 · 이번 글에서는 ACL 2019에서 발표된 “Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context”를 리뷰하려고 합니다. 본 논문은 기존의 Transformer 구조를 이용한 고정된 길이(Fixed-Length) Language Model의 한계점을 지적하고 더 긴 의존성을 이용할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시합니다. Jul 26, 2019 · Transformer-XL achieved SOTA results following datasets - WikiText-103, enwik8, text8, One Billion Word and Penn Treebank. Transformer-XL has also been used to generate text. Examples are given at ... Transformer-XL achieved SOTA results following datasets - WikiText-103, enwik8, text8, One Billion Word and Penn Treebank. Transformer-XL has also been used to generate text. Examples are given at ...this setting, Transformer-XL learns a RECL of 900 words on W ikiT ext-103, while the numbers for. recurrent networks and Transformer are only 500 and 128. 2 R E L ATE D W ORK.Jan 30, 2022 · Under the model size constraint, the 12-layer Transformer-XL achieves a new SoTA result, outperforming the 12-layer vanilla Transformer from Al-Rfou et al. (2018) (T64) by 0.05. By increasing model sizes, 18-layer and 24-layer Transformer-XLs are trained with attention length is set to 784 during training and 3800 during evaluation. Apr 7, 2020 · The Gated Transformer-XL (GTrXL; Parisotto, et al. 2019) is one attempt to use Transformer for RL. GTrXL succeeded in stabilizing training with two changes on top of Transformer-XL : The layer normalization is only applied on the input stream in a residual module, but NOT on the shortcut stream. this setting, Transformer-XL learns a RECL of 900 words on W ikiT ext-103, while the numbers for. recurrent networks and Transformer are only 500 and 128. 2 R E L ATE D W ORK.Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ... Write With Transformer is a webapp created and hosted by Hugging Face showcasing the generative capabilities of several models. GPT-2 is one of them and is available in five different sizes: small, medium, large, xl and a distilled version of the small checkpoint: distilgpt-2. This model was contributed by thomwolf.Feb 5, 2019 · Transformer-XL dependency is about 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla Transformers. Transformer-XL is up to 1,800+ times faster than a vanilla Transformer during evaluation of language modeling tasks as no re-computation is needed. Transformer-XL has better performance in perplexity on long sequences due to long-term dependency ... Oct 13, 2019 · We propose architectural modifications that substantially improve the stability and learning speed of the original Transformer and XL variant. The proposed architecture, the Gated Transformer-XL (GTrXL), surpasses LSTMs on challenging memory environments and achieves state-of-the-art results on the multi-task DMLab-30 benchmark suite, exceeding ... Transformers. Transformers are a type of neural network architecture that have several properties that make them effective for modeling data with long-range dependencies. They generally feature a combination of multi-headed attention mechanisms, residual connections, layer normalization, feedforward connections, and positional embeddings.Abstract. Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence ...Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ...As a side note, we remark that this conclusion is reached based on the assumption that key and query sizes are the same. It may be possible in a context like Transformer-XL, that there is global positional or contextual information that could be propagated in the network. In this case it might not be prudent to discard these contributions.For Transformer-XL, it is important that these are also what you use as an input to the self-attention. Therefore, at inference time, if you want to compute the states recursively by segments (presumably because you cannot fit the entire input int he memory), this is the only thing you need to remember from the previous steps to continue the ...Figure 1. Example of the BERT’s pre-training objective. Top) The MLM; Bottom) Next sentence Prediction. BERT uses these methods for pre-training a model to learn the basics of the language.Oct 11, 2020. 1. This paper (“Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context”) was published in ACL 2019, one of the top NLP conferences, by researchers at Google AI. It proposes Transformer-XL, a new architecture that enables natural language understanding beyond a fixed-length context without disrupting temporal ...Transformer-XL achieves new state-of-the-art results on multiple language modeling benchmarks. Transformer-XL is also the first to break through the 1.0 barrier on char-level language modeling. Below is a summary.from Transformer-XL, the state-of-the-art autoregressive model, into pretraining. Empirically, under comparable experiment setting, XLNet outperforms BERT on 20 tasks, often by a large margin, including question answering, natural language inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.1. 1 Introduction Apr 4, 2023 · Transformer-XL is a transformer-based language model with a segment-level recurrence and a novel relative positional encoding. Enhancements introduced in Transformer-XL help capture better long-term dependencies by attending to tokens from multiple previous segments. Our implementation is based on the codebase published by the authors of the ... Aug 13, 2019 · This is the OG transformer that started the revolution. TransformerXL —this forward-directional decoder is an amazing text generator. Memory and relative positional encoding enable super fast and accurate predictions. We used this model in Part II. Number of heads used in the transformer's multi-head attention mechanism: memory_length: Length of the sliding episodic memory window: positional_encoding: Relative and learned positional encodings can be used: layer_norm: Whether to apply layer normalization before or after every transformer component. Dec 5, 2022 · Chinese-Transformer-XL. Under construction. 本项目提供了智源研究院"文汇" 预训练模型Chinese-Transformer-XL的预训练和文本生成代码。 Transformer. A transformer model. User is able to modify the attributes as needed. The architecture is based on the paper “Attention Is All You Need”. Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need.Gated Transformer-XL, or GTrXL, is a Transformer-based architecture for reinforcement learning. It introduces architectural modifications that improve the stability and learning speed of the original Transformer and XL variant. Changes include: Placing the layer normalization on only the input stream of the submodules. A key benefit to this reordering is that it now enables an identity map ...{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"examples/pytorch/text-generation":{"items":[{"name":"README.md","path":"examples/pytorch/text-generation/README ...Transformer-XL is a neural network model that can handle long sequences of text or speech with high efficiency and accuracy. It is based on the Transformer architecture, but with some key ...Absolutely fantastic SOTA Google Colab (Jupyter) Notebooks to easily and quickly train a SOTA Music AI model and for generating music with Transformer technology (Google XLNet/Transformer-XL) Huge thanks goes to creators of the original repos/code that made these amazing Notebooks possible :) Thank you very much and the credit is all yours :)Jul 26, 2019 · Transformer-XL achieved SOTA results following datasets - WikiText-103, enwik8, text8, One Billion Word and Penn Treebank. Transformer-XL has also been used to generate text. Examples are given at ... Oct 13, 2019 · We propose architectural modifications that substantially improve the stability and learning speed of the original Transformer and XL variant. The proposed architecture, the Gated Transformer-XL (GTrXL), surpasses LSTMs on challenging memory environments and achieves state-of-the-art results on the multi-task DMLab-30 benchmark suite, exceeding ... Transformer-XL is a neural network model that can handle long sequences of text or speech with high efficiency and accuracy. It is based on the Transformer architecture, but with some key ...Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism ...This repository provides an implementation of the Transformer-XL model in TensorFlow from the paper Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context. Transformer-XL is a transformer-based language model with a segment-level recurrence and a novel relative positional encoding.Model Details. Model Description: GPT-2 XL is the 1.5B parameter version of GPT-2, a transformer-based language model created and released by OpenAI. The model is a pretrained model on English language using a causal language modeling (CLM) objective. Developed by: OpenAI, see associated research paper and GitHub repo for model developers. The documentation page MODEL_DOC/TRANSFORMERXL doesn’t exist in v4.33.0, but exists on the main version. Click here to redirect to the main version of the documentation.Unlike the vanilla Transformer [7], MHA uses relative positional encodings from Transformer-XL [26]. The key component of Conformer is the Conv module which contains a pointwise convolution ...Figure 1. Example of the BERT’s pre-training objective. Top) The MLM; Bottom) Next sentence Prediction. BERT uses these methods for pre-training a model to learn the basics of the language.
Under the model size constraint, the 12-layer Transformer-XL achieves a new SoTA result, outperforming the 12-layer vanilla Transformer from Al-Rfou et al. (2018) (T64) by 0.05. By increasing model sizes, 18-layer and 24-layer Transformer-XLs are trained with attention length is set to 784 during training and 3800 during evaluation.. Shopoff.com
3. Results: TransformerXL đạt được kết quả SOTA ( State of The Art ) trên nhiều datasets benchmarks về Language Modeling trên cả mức word-level và character-level. Trên WikiText-103, một bộ dataset lớn về Language Modeling ở mức word-level, TransformerXL (18 layers) đạt perplexity bằng 18.3 so với ...Feb 25, 2021 · As a side note, we remark that this conclusion is reached based on the assumption that key and query sizes are the same. It may be possible in a context like Transformer-XL, that there is global positional or contextual information that could be propagated in the network. In this case it might not be prudent to discard these contributions. Transformer-XL achieves new state-of-the-art results on multiple language modeling benchmarks. Transformer-XL is also the first to break through the 1.0 barrier on char-level language modeling. Below is a summary.Gated Transformer-XL, or GTrXL, is a Transformer-based architecture for reinforcement learning. It introduces architectural modifications that improve the stability and learning speed of the original Transformer and XL variant. Changes include: Placing the layer normalization on only the input stream of the submodules. A key benefit to this reordering is that it now enables an identity map ... Transformer XL is an important variation of Transformers as it improves upon a major shortcoming of transformers, context fragmentation. It improved the speed of training and allowed the model to capture longer dependencies. Improvements upon this transformer like the XLNet are beating BERT at critical language tasks.This repository provides an implementation of the Transformer-XL model in TensorFlow from the paper Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context. Transformer-XL is a transformer-based language model with a segment-level recurrence and a novel relative positional encoding.Transformers. Transformers are a type of neural network architecture that have several properties that make them effective for modeling data with long-range dependencies. They generally feature a combination of multi-headed attention mechanisms, residual connections, layer normalization, feedforward connections, and positional embeddings. Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural ar-chitecture Transformer-XL that enables learn-ing dependency beyond a fixed length with-out disrupting temporal coherence. It con-sists of a segment-level recurrence mechanismJul 8, 2020 · Transformer-XL. The Transformer-XL model is based on a similar idea as the vanilla model, but with some corrections. In the following subsections we’ll be discussing the contributions of the Transformer-XL architecture and see how it was able to achieve the state of the art. XL stands for eXtra Long. Segment Recurrence Mechanism Overview The XLNet model was proposed in XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding by Zhilin Yang, Zihang Dai, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Quoc V. Le. XLnet is an extension of the Transformer-XL model pre-trained using an autoregressive method to learn bidirectional contexts by maximizing the expected likelihood over all permutations of ...Aug 19, 2020 · For Transformer-XL, it is important that these are also what you use as an input to the self-attention. Therefore, at inference time, if you want to compute the states recursively by segments (presumably because you cannot fit the entire input int he memory), this is the only thing you need to remember from the previous steps to continue the ... Aug 12, 2019 · Check out the pytorch-transformers library from Hugging Face in addition to GPT2, it implements BERT, Transformer-XL, XLNet and other cutting-edge transformer models. Acknowledgements. Thanks to Lukasz Kaiser, Mathias Müller, Peter J. Liu, Ryan Sepassi and Mohammad Saleh for feedback on earlier versions of this post. Comments or corrections? Transformer-XL presents a particular architecture that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. This means that attention-XL can take advantage of both the current input trajectory plus past trajectories to make predictions.from Transformer-XL, the state-of-the-art autoregressive model, into pretraining. Empirically, under comparable experiment setting, XLNet outperforms BERT on 20 tasks, often by a large margin, including question answering, natural language inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.1. 1 Introduction Feb 5, 2019 · Transformer-XL dependency is about 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla Transformers. Transformer-XL is up to 1,800+ times faster than a vanilla Transformer during evaluation of language modeling tasks as no re-computation is needed. Transformer-XL has better performance in perplexity on long sequences due to long-term dependency ... Aug 12, 2019 · Check out the pytorch-transformers library from Hugging Face in addition to GPT2, it implements BERT, Transformer-XL, XLNet and other cutting-edge transformer models. Acknowledgements. Thanks to Lukasz Kaiser, Mathias Müller, Peter J. Liu, Ryan Sepassi and Mohammad Saleh for feedback on earlier versions of this post. Comments or corrections? In addition, Transformer XL was used as the base architecture, which showed good performance even in the absence of permutation-based training. XLNet was trained with over 130 GB of textual data and 512 TPU chips running for 2.5 days, both of which ar e much larger than BERT..